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Red mud (RM), a highly alkaline byproduct of alumina production, poses significant environmental risks due to its elevated pH and potentially toxic metal (loid)s. This study evaluated sustainable stabilization methods using multi-waste amendments (coal mining soil (CS), distiller's grains (DG), acid-modified biochar (AB)) supplemented with natural garden soil (GS) to immobilize metal (loid)s and mitigate RM's environmental impacts. Systematic incubation experiments comparing single-, two combined-, three combined-, and four combined-amendment systems demonstrated that the four combined-amendment system (RM + 1%CS + 1%DG + 1%AB + 1%GS) achieved the most effective metal (loid) stabilization. It reduced water-extractable metal (loid)s in RM by 99.0% (Pb), 86.2% (Cr), 85.2% (Cd), 68.8% (Sb), 60.9% (As), 56.6% (Zn), 32.7% (Ni), and 21.4% (Al), while maintaining low leachability under the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). However, this treatment mobilized certain cationic elements (Cu, Fe, Mg, and Mn). Despite this mobilization, the concentrations of these elements remained within Chinese groundwater Class II standards (GB/T14848-2017). The four combined-amendment system exhibited significant synergistic effects: 205% increase in organic matter content, 39% reduction in pH, 12% decrease in electrical conductivity, and reduced phytotoxicity (germination index >90%). Economically, it reduced costs by 8.1–68.5% relative to conventional treatments (lime stabilization and phosphate treatment), with a net present value advantage of $3.85 million over 10 years for a 100,000-ton annual capacity facility. This strategy, integrating multi-waste amendments and natural soil, embodies circular economy principles, transforming waste streams into valuable remediation resources and addressing RM management challenges, though its trade-offs warrant consideration for site-specific applications. © 2026 The Authors

The development of gambling-related harm and gambling disorder involves several genetic and environmental factors. However, how these factors interact to influence the development and whether such interactions confer to diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility models remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, data from the Survey of Adolescent Life in Västmanland (SALVe cohort) were utilized, Participants provided a saliva sample for genotyping, completed early life adversity (ELA) and Parents as Social Construct (PASCQ) surveys at age 17, and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) at age 23. A total of 391 participants (54% females) with complete data were included for analysis. Negative binomial models were utilized to examine the interaction between candidate genes (COMT, BDNF, and DRD2), ELA, and parental support in PGSI scores. Interactions between COMT and BDNF, ELA, and parental support were found but not for DRD2, (β = −0.01 and −0.009, 95% CI [−0.02, −0.006 and −0.01, −0.005], p = 2.2 × 10–5 and 1.2 × 10–5 respectively). The interactions remained significant after accounting for sex interactions, p = 0.005. Notably, evidence for a differential susceptibility framework was found in gambling-related harm scores. Participants with the major allele for both COMT and BDNF displayed plasticity by exhibiting higher PGSI scores when exposed to weak parental support but lower PGSI scores in strong parental support despite higher ELA scores. Positive parental support acted as a protective factor against the genetic sensitivity of gambling-related harm. Studies pursuing the interplay between genetic and environmental factors would benefit from including positive environments that may mitigate the risk associated with adverse environments. 

As artificial intelligence (AI) is introduced in knowledge work, boundaries of professional agency change. Human resources management professionals in Sweden have historically been struggling with claiming relevance in organizations. Through a qualitative analysis of articles from Swedish HR magazines, this study explores how the relevant HR professional is discursively constructed in relation to the increasing use of AI, and the ramifications of these constructions for the agency of HR professionals.The study shows that the HR professional is left to reconcile conflicting portrayals of herself—as both more and less biased than AI—and contradictory expectations to both fearlessly embrace and question AI.The relevant HR professional is thus one who successfully navigates these tensions, operating within the boundaries of agency shaped by these opposing constructions. This research contributes to the algorithmic HRM literature and the literature on AI and agency. 

Zero-day network attacks pose a significant threat because their unknown signatures evade traditional detection mechanisms. This research develops an AI-enhanced intrusion detection system that aims to detect such attacks while providing interpretable outputs for security analysts. Four machine-learning models are evaluated under strict zero-day conditions using two benchmark datasets. SHAP and LIME are applied to produce instance-level explanations, and a formal stability assessment is conducted to determine their reliability. Experimental results show that the hybrid model combining anomaly-based detection with deep learning achieves the highest zero-day Recall, with statistically significant advantages over individual models in detecting previously unseen attacks, while the standalone LSTM achieves the strongest overall balance between Precision and Recall. The generated explanations consistently reveal security-relevant features, and stability analysis confirms their robustness across conditions. The study demonstrates that integrating deep learning with stable explainable AI offers a practical and trustworthy solution for zero-day intrusion detection, contributing validated evidence to an area where explanation reliability is rarely examined. © 2026 by the authors.

Saffron is a bulbous herb with edible flowers and is considered a high-value crop. However, cultivating saffron at northern latitudes presents challenges, primarily due to adverse weather conditions during its productive phase. Therefore, this study tested whether microclimate modifications induced by a single-axis tracking agrivoltaic (AV) system could enhance saffron production. The experiment was carried out near Va & uml;ster & aring;s, in central Sweden. A field trial was set up to cultivate saffron both under open-field conditions and beneath the photovoltaic (PV) modules of a single-axis tracking system, utilizing areas that are typically unused for cultivation. Intercropping saffron within AV systems improved land-use efficiency by reducing land loss associated with PV panel structures from 10% to 3%, thereby creating approximately 700 m2 of additional cultivable area per hectare for saffron production as a secondary crop without affecting the primary crop. Beneath the AV system, a maximum density of 24.3 flowers/m2 was observed, compared with a maximum of 0.5 flowers/m2 in the open field. In total, 226 flowers were counted beneath the AV system, yielding 1.09 g of dry stigma, whereas only three flowers were observed in the open-field, corresponding to 0.02 g of dry stigma. Based on these plot-scale measurements and effective saffron cultivation within the AV system (700 m2 per hectare), the potential dry stigma yield was estimated at up to 203.4 g/ha under the single-axis tracking AV system, compared with 90.1 g/ha in open-field conditions. This represents a 2.26-fold increase in saffron yield while maintaining primary crop production within the AV system. Overall, the results demonstrate that AV systems can positively influence saffron productivity at northern latitudes. However, further research is required to assess the long-term productivity, as saffron was cultivated for only 1 year in this study, despite its potential productive lifespan of 5 to 10 years.

BackgroundTelephone triage at emergency medical dispatch centers (EMDCs) is often challenging for registered nurses (RNs), and some calls may be difficult to handle. To enable education and interventions for call-taking RNs, lessons can be learned by studying authentic calls.AimThe aim of this study was to describe the strategies used by RNs in difficult calls to EMDCs.MethodsCall data from 2022 to 2023 were extracted for 14 RNs at three EMDCs in Sweden. Difficult calls were identified based on prior research and operationalized primarily using keyword searches in the free text call notes. During the study period, the 14 RNs handled 27,805 calls. Of these calls, 4888 (17.6%) were identified as potentially difficult and RNs needed to apply different strategies to handle them. A purposive selection of 123 calls was extracted, anonymized, and a deductive content analysis was performed.ResultsThe present RNs used eight strategies to handle difficult calls. The most used strategies among the 123 calls were "pick up signs to understand the cause of the caller's problem" (used in 76% of calls) and "stay calm and focused" (55%). It was common that RNs applied several strategies during one call, especially if the call was about psychiatric illnesses, including expressions of suicidal intent and calls with vague descriptions of symptoms. Single strategies were used in 20% of calls, combinations of two strategies were used in 50% of calls, while three or more strategies were used in 29% of calls.ConclusionsRNs typically used combinations of several strategies in handling difficult calls. It is, however, unknown if these strategies were the most appropriate and how they were experienced by callers.Implications for Nursing ManagementRNs need continuous professional development, support from nurse managers and their organization, and further improvements in technical aids to support their handling of difficult calls.

This study explores how preschool educators can develop competence in attending to individual children's learning through participation in an action research (AR) project. Attending to children's learning processes is central in preschool education, grounded in the need to plan teaching to ensure high-quality education for all children. However, research indicates that many preschool educators experience tension between educational and care missions, leading to ambivalence and uncertainty, which may challenge their ability to plan and implement teaching. Therefore, this study investigates whether AR can strengthen educators' pedagogical efforts to attend to individual learning processes. The AR project involved two preschool teams, who identified areas for pedagogical development within their own practice. The analysis explored how participation in AR was associated with changes in educators knowledge, confidence, and professional practice. Findings show that AR promoted shifts in educators' understanding, strengthened their confidence, and supported developments in practice that contribute to improved conditions for children's learning. Consequently, results indicate that AR can serve as a powerful tool for pedagogical improvement as well as for enhancing educators' belief in their capacity to make meaningful contributions to children's learning.

Despite efforts to increase gender diversity in leadership, women remain undervalued, mainly due to gender stereotypes portraying females as less competent and of lower status. This study employs a novel mixed-gender dyad collaborative task with electroencephalography (EEG) and dipole source localization to investigate the neural mechanisms underpinning gender-biased rejection decisions in a real-time social context. In half of the trials, the male participants were designated as decision-makers, who evaluated their female partners' suggestions and provided the final team answer. EEG data collected from the male low-biased (LB) and high-biased (HB) groups, classified according to the Implicit Association Test (IAT), were analyzed during the decision periods which resulted in the rejection of female answers. The HB group rejected their female partners' choices at 57% in trials with conflict, which was similar in the LB group (55%). However, many rejections by the HB group resulted in wrong decisions (54%) which was significantly lower in the LB group (34%). Although criterion-based bias index from the signal detection theory could not explain this difference, a novel biased-rejection index (BRI), which measured the costly rejection behavior, could significantly separate the two male groups. Dipole source localization based on EEG during the entire decision period revealed significantly lower middle frontal gyrus (MFG), but higher inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) activation in the HB group compared to the LB group. Temporal dynamics analysis (resolution: 0.34 s) further showed (but not at a statistically-significant level) less activation in MFG for the HB group during the early stage, and a similar trend in SFG during the middle stage of cognitive processing. On the other hand, the moment magnitudes of IFG dipoles during the entire decision period were significantly correlated with the IAT D-scores, i.e. less IFG activation with lower implicit bias. Given the limitations of the study (lack of EEG from female decision-makers and 10-20 system montage), these findings suggest altered lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) activations as part of the neural correlates of gender-biased undervaluation of female contributions during a collaborative task.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga de nuvarande designkrav och arbetssätt som påverkar utformningen av stålsäkerhetsdörrar samt att utveckla rekommendationer för att förbättra cirkularitet i framtida ståldörrssystem.

Forskningsfrågor: FF1: Vilka nuvarande designkrav och arbetssätt påverkar utformningen av ståldörrar, och hur stödjer eller begränsar de cirkularitet?

FF2: Hur kan cirkulära strategier översättas till designrekommendationer för framtida stålsäkerhetsdörrar, inklusive hänsyn till slutet av livscykeln, utifrån de identifierade kraven och begränsningarna?

Metod: Denna studie bygger på kvalitativ forskning med en abduktiv ansats. Empiriska data samlades in genom möten, en produktionsgenomgång, semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer kopplade till ståldörrens värdekedja samt benchmarking av cirkularitetsrelaterade arbetssätt inom ståldörrssektorn. Analysen följde en Gioia-inspirerad metod för att identifiera första ordningens begrepp, andra ordningens teman och aggregerade dimensioner. De empiriska resultaten analyserades i relation till cirkulär ekonomi, 10R hierarkin, Design for X, modularitet, spårbarhet och produktinformation.

Slutsats: För den första forskningsfrågan identifierade studien att utformningen av stålsäkerhetsdörrar påverkas starkt av certifiering, brandsäkerhetskrav, hållbarhetskrav, produktionsmetoder, materialval och formell produktöverensstämmelse. Dessa krav stödjer cirkularitet genom lång livslängd, robust konstruktion, underhåll och utbyte av vissa komponenter, men de begränsar även mer värdebevarande cirkulära strategier såsom återbruk, renovering och återtillverkning när certifierad prestanda inte kan verifieras. För den andra forskningsfrågan presenterar studien designrekommendationer med fokus på produktinformation, spårbarhet, stöd för underhåll, utbytbara slitagedelar, kontrollerad demontering och tydligare gränser mellan säkerhetskritiska och utbytbara komponenter. Studien drar slutsatsen att cirkularitet i certifierade stålsäkerhetsdörrar bör utvecklas stegvis, med förbättrad dokumentation och spårbarhet som första steg innan mer avancerade cirkulära strategier såsom återbruk, renovering och återtillverkning implementeras.

Detta arbete är på en kandidatnivå inom området informationsdesign med inriktning på rumslig gestaltning. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka hur ljusdesign och wayfinding kan integreras genom rumslig gestaltning i syfte för att öka orienterbarhet och minska upplevd otrygghet till en ingång som ligger på ett gångstråk.

Arbetet fokuserar på att analysera platsen utifrån användarnas upplevelser, utifrån metodresultat, samt tidigare forskning inom wayfinding, ljusdesign och rumslig gestaltning. Dessa element ligger således till grund för det utvecklade gestaltningsförslaget.

Ett digitalt tredimensionellt gestaltningsförslag har tagits fram i syfte för att visualisera hur ljus, landmärken och rumsliga element kan användas för att öka orienterbarheten samt minska upplevd otrygghet på platsen (ett gångstråk vid Stora Gatan 14 i Västerås). 

Den här studien handlar om hur lärare i årskurs 4–6 arbetar med att utveckla elevers muntliga förmåga i engelska och vilka möjligheter och utmaningar de ser i det arbetet. Studien bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med fem lärare från tre olika skolor samt sex elever från en av skolorna. Materialet spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades tematiskt. Resultatet visar att lärarna ofta arbetar på ett kommunikativt och elevaktivt sätt, där muntliga aktiviteter som pararbete, gruppdiskussioner och rollspel är vanliga inslag. Syftet är att ge eleverna fler tillfällen att faktiskt använda engelska i samtal. Samtidigt används engelska främst i planerade moment, medan svenska tar större plats i mer spontana situationer i klassrummet. Lärarna lyfter särskilt små grupper, tydliga uppgifter och ett tryggt klassrumsklimat som viktiga faktorer för att få elever att våga prata engelska. Samtidigt finns utmaningar, framför allt att få alla elever att delta, tidsbrist och elevers osäkerhet och rädsla för att göra fel. Sammantaget visar studien att muntlig kommunikation påverkas av både undervisningens upplägg och det sociala klimatet i klassrummet. 

Sugardejting är ett växande samhällsproblem som är svårt att identifiera eftersom fenomenetdöljer sig bakom digitala plattformar. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka uppfattningar omfenomenet sugardejting i det praktiska sociala arbetet av professionella som arbetar motprostitution och människohandel. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod där ettmålinriktat urval gjordes för att hitta relevanta deltagare för studien. Professionellaintervjuades med erfarenhet av att arbeta med kvinnor som befinner sig i sugardejting.Relevanta teorier används som analytiska verktyg för att analysera resultatet. Dessa teorier ärGoffmans stigmateori och Hermans teoretiska begrepp fångenskap. En tematisk analysmetodanvändes för att genomföra analysarbetet där fyra centrala teman framställdes. Utifrån detinsamlade materialet framställdes studiens resultat som visar att de professionella uppfattaratt bakomliggande orsaker till att kvinnor hamnar i sugardejting är tidigare utsatthet ochekonomisk utsatthet. De professionella uppfattar vidare att sugardejting kan leda tillomfattande konsekvenser, att kvinnorna är i ett stort behov av stöd och hjälp frånprofessionella och att sugardejting kan likställas med prostitution. Studiens slutsats är attsugardejting är ett komplext socialt problem och en dold utsatthet som många kvinnorhamnar ofrivilligt i och det finns ett behov av ytterligare forskning samt utvecklingsarbeteinom området. 

This study examines multimodality in early literacy instruction, focusing on the role of drawing in the Swedish preschool class (ages 5–6). Drawing is conceptualized as a communicative resource within classroom practice, explored through interviews with teachers, to understand how drawing is enacted and valued in this setting. While drawing is deeply integrated in preschool (Änggård, 2005), its position in early primary education remains less defined. Addressing a limited research field and current policy reforms shaping literacy instruction in Sweden, the study identifies three dimensions of drawing: (1) the pedagogical width, that is, drawing’s pervasive presence across instructional practice; (2) the bridge-building function; and (3) the contradictory positioning as both intrinsically valuable and interlinked with other modes, primarily alphabetic writing.

Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) and associated with them Platooning Systems are considered key elements of future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication allows vehicles in a platoon to maintain close distance gaps, which improves traffic efficiency, reduces fuel consumption and improves road safety. At the same time, platooning relies heavily on reliable and low-latency wireless communication, which is vulnerable to cyberattacks. Communication delays, interference, or targeted attacks can negatively impact string stability, and therefore safety of platoons. This thesis focuses on a specific type of attack: the delay attack. It analyzes its impact on CAVs braking, string stability of CAVs and different control models used for platooning. The experiment in this research was conducted using simulation frameworks. A series of experiments were conducted for different communication delay values, inter-vehicle distances, vehicle speeds, deceleration levels, and the number of vehicles in the platoon. Robustness of different vehicle control models in the platoon under delay-attack conditions was analyzed. Results show that communication delay can significantly affect platoon stability and collision occurrence, with the severity of its impact depending on the injected delay, attack timing, platoon size, and controller configuration. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering communication delays when evaluating safety, fault tolerance and robustness of automated vehicle platoons.

  Bakgrund: Palliativ vård i livets slutskede syftar till att lindra lidande och främja livskvalitet samt stödja anhöriga. Vården präglas av symtomlindring, kommunikation och personcentrerad vård. Tidigare forskning visar att äldre patienter och anhöriga värdesätter kontinuitet, tydlig information och delaktighet i vården. Bristande resurser och kommunikation upplevs försämra vårdens kvalitet. Syfte: Var att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenheter från palliativ vård av äldre patienter i livets slut. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt genomfördes. 13 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades, varav elva kvalitativa och två kvantitativa. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades utifrån likheter och skillnader i syfte, metod och resultat. Resultat: Tre huvudteman identifierades “Leva upp till anhörigas önskemål”, “behov av kompetensutveckling” och “betydelsen av kommunikation”. Sjuksköterskor erfor att patientens behov och önskemål ibland stod i konflikt med anhörigas önskemål och andra omständigheter i vården. Vidare framkom ett behov av kompetensutveckling hos sjuksköterskorna, samt att kommunikation beskrevs som en central förutsättning för att bedriva en personcentrerad palliativ vård. Slutsats: En god palliativ vård bygger på att sjuksköterskor ges goda förutsättningar i sitt arbete. Detta innebär att arbeta med tydlig kommunikation, tillräcklig kompetens och med en vård där den äldre patientens önskningar står i centrum av palliativ vård i livets slut.   

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskors arbetsmiljö på akutmottagningar kännetecknas av en hög nivå arbetsrelaterad stress vilket, enligt sjuksköterskor, påverkar bemötandet gentemot patienter. Sjuksköterskor har erfarenheter av att de modeller och verktyg som används inom akutvården objektifierar patienten då det medicinska prioriteras. Sjuksköterskor har förståelse kring vikten av gott bemötande gentemot patienter men uttrycker hinder för att ett sådant arbetssätt ska kunna implementeras. Syfte: Syftet var att skapa en översikt av patienters erfarenheter av sjuksköterskors bemötande på akutmottagningar. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt innehållande totalt elva artiklar, varav sju hade en kvalitativ ansats, två en kvantitativ ansats och två en ansats av mixad metod. Resultat: I resultatet identifierades fyra teman; Vikten av kommunikation, När kommunikationen brister, Vikten av att bli bekräftad och När bekräftelse uteblir. Slutsats: Patienter uppskattade när den initiala kontakten med sjuksköterskor präglades av respekt och empati. Kommunikationsproblem och utmaningar existerade där patienters utsatthet stod i fokus. Bristande kommunikation ledde till att patienter erfor känslor av maktlöshet och rädsla. En trygg relation kunde skapas genom tydlighet, anpassbarhet och kontinuitet i kommunikationen från sjuksköterska till patient.

Citizen dialogues strive for inclusivity but often exclude marginalized groups. New participatory and creativity-based approaches are needed to be evaluated and become a part of the skillset repertoire for public officials to foster an inclusive dialogue. This paper reflects on photo-based conversations as a dialogic method for societal development and inclusion. The results show that the method provides possibilities to creatively involve participants, strengthen relationships and open a space for diverse narratives between different actors in society. However, the challenges of internal exclusion, lack of strategies for impact, and the need to build competence in handling conflicting stories, without depoliticizing discussions, must be addressed. This research contributes to design methods as drivers of public sector innovation by discussing how creative, participatory approaches can support inclusive dialogue in society. The results presented is part of a four-year research project aiming to enhance coordination between diverse actors and organizations in everyday landscapes.

The aim of this study is to analyze how digitalisation and system integration in an automated warehouse affect outbound transport planning and capacity utilization. An exploratory case study has been conducted and is based on interviews, observations and literature studies.

The results show that despite a high degree of automation in warehouse processes, transport planning is still largely based on manual working methods, where the use of Excel constitutes a central part of the planning process. Furthermore, experience-based decision-making dominates over data-based decisions.

A further central challenge is the lack of system integration between heterogeneous IT systems and platforms, such as ERP, WMS and SAP, which in some cases leads to limited real-time information, fragmented data and inefficient data transfers. These challenges negatively affect capacity utilisation and can be exploited in over- or underfilling of trucks, which in turn can lead to pallets that are to be delivered to customers being left behind. The study also shows that small deviations between planned and actual volumes can have major consequences and reduce both the reliability and robustness of the planning process.

The study also identifies several improvement opportunities. Increased digitalisation, improved system integration and developed data visualization can contribute to a more data-driven, robust and efficient transport planning process. The results also indicate that improved traceability and decision support can reduce manual efforts and improve resource utilization.

As cyber threats evolve, unconventional attack vectors such as side-channel techniques arebecoming increasingly relevant in modern security research. This bachelor thesis investigateswhether electromagnetic and thermal emissions from modern Ethernet cables can be used todetect the volume of network traffic from a distance. To address this research question,controlled experiments were conducted using instruments like RTL-SDR, Keysight spectrumanalyzer, and FLIR thermal cameras. Measurements of electromagnetic and thermal emissionswere collected before, during, and after network traffic transmission in a controlledenvironment. Multiple tests were conducted with different network traffic load. For theenvironment, we used different techniques to minimise the impact on the Ethernet cables beingtested by minimising airflow and outer external factors. The results demonstrate a measurablecorrelation between increases in electromagnetic emissions and thermal emissions from theEthernet cable. As this bachelor thesis is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study on thisproblem, more rigorous tests are needed to draw an exact conclusion to the problemformulation. To conclude, state of the practice equipment was used to investigate the possibilityand to what extent the volume of Ethernet traffic can be picked up from a distance. But furtherwork is required to determine whether a quantifiable relationship exist. These findings highlighta potential side-channel vulnerability in Ethernet based communication systems. 

 SAMMANFATTNINGKommunal hemtjänst är en central del av välfärdens sociala arbete och ställer höga krav på enhetschefernas ledarskap. Mot denna bakgrund syftar studien till att beskriva hur enhetschefer inom kommunal hemtjänst uppfattar sitt ledarskapsuppdrag i relation till organisatoriska villkor som präglar verksamheten. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsdesign med semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem enhetschefer inom kommunal hemtjänst, vilka analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att enhetschefernas ledarskapsuppdrag inom kommunal hemtjänst framträder som relationellt, möjliggörande och organisatoriskt villkorat. Enhetscheferna uppfattar närvaro, tillgänglighet och stöd till medarbetarna som centrala delar av uppdraget, samtidigt som ledarskapet innebär att skapa förutsättningar för medarbetarnas kompetens, delaktighet och ansvarstagande. Resultaten visar vidare att ledarskapsuppdraget hanteras genom att enhetscheferna översätter organisatorisk styrning, skapar lokala strukturer och mobiliserar tillgängliga resurser. Enhetschefen får därigenom en förmedlande position mellan övergripande organisatoriska krav och verksamhetens lokala genomförande. Samtidigt visar studien att denna hantering inte innebär att cheferna själva kontrollerar de villkor som omger uppdraget.  Nyckelord: enhetschef, kommunal hemtjänst, ledarskap, organisatoriska villkor, socialt arbete. 

BiHom-groups are a nonassociative generalization of groups with the associativity law replaced by a twisted associativity law: α(a)(bc)=(ab)β(c), where α and β are two multiplicative mappings. The objective of this paper is to introduce and study BiHom-groups. We define the concept and provide examples of BiHom-groups. Additionally, we establish fundamental properties such as normal BiHom-subgroups, BiHom-quotient groups, and homomorphisms of BiHom-groups, and present the first, second, and third isomorphism theorems for BiHom-groups.

Architectural decisions shape system quality, yet the design space is too large to explore exhaustively, so architects often fall back on familiar patterns and weigh few alternatives. Large language models can propose designs but lack organizational context, and the knowledge that would supply it lies scattered across decision records, documentation, and code.

This thesis investigates how retrieval-augmented large language models can support the generation and iterative refinement of context-aware architectural alternatives.

We propose a workflow that structures a problem description into a decision frame, composes a retrieval query from it, and retrieves from wiki pages, architecture decision records (ADRs), and a code graph. Two alternatives are generated, each with its reasoning, trade-offs, risks, and sources. The architect refines them by excluding one with a stated reason or by providing guidance, and the accepted alternative is published as an ADR and ingested back into the knowledge base. The prototype was evaluated over five scenarios using automated quantitative metrics and qualitatively with a software architect.

Retrieval reached a mean context precision of 0.921, and context recall was perfect in four of the five scenarios. Faithfulness differed between the two alternatives in every scenario, indicating that generation exposed distinct design directions rather than converging on one.

In conclusion, our work presents an approach for generating and iteratively refining architectural alternatives that are grounded in organizational knowledge and captured as reusable decision records.

As fifth-generation (5G) networks grow in complexity and increasingly incorporate AI-driven autonomous management, the ability to explain automated decisions has become critical for operator trust, regulatory compliance, and network governance. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods, and in particular SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), provide principled feature attribution scores for individual predictive models. However, in multi-domain 5G architectures where distinct machine-learning models predict Quality of Service (QoS) KPIs across the Radio Access Network (RAN), Core, and Transport domains, explanations are inherently model-specific, operate over partially heterogeneous feature subsets, and are of unequal reliability. While prior work has proposed aggregation methods for feature-based explanations, no existing framework simultaneously addresses quality-informed weighting, formal aggregation across heterogeneous feature spaces, and alignment with operator-facing intents in a multi-domain 5G setting.

This thesis proposes a reliability-aware framework for aggregating SHAP feature attributions across heterogeneous 5G domain models. Central to the framework is the Explanation Aggregation Metric (EAM), which scores each model’s explanation quality along three dimensions: Fidelity, Stability, and Consistency. These scores drive an EAM-weighted convex aggregation along the cross-KPI axis, which combines the different-KPI models of a single domain into a domain-level attribution profile. Along the complementary cross-domain axis, the per-domain models of a single KPI are instead composed through that KPI’s physical QoS operator (additive for latency, minimum for throughput, and product for availability) rather than by reliability weighting, since the domains are related by a known composition law; this composition layer produces intent-aligned end-to-end explanations.

Evaluated on gradient-boosted tree models trained across three network domains and three KPIs, EAM weighting attenuates contributions from less reliable models in proportion to their measured explanation quality, without discarding them entirely, and top-ranked features remain consistent across both weighting schemes, confirming that dominant signals are robust to the choice of aggregation. Cross-model-family agreement on feature rankings within each domain, together with cross-domain agreement on the physical relevance of load-related features, provides empirical evidence that the framework recovers genuine network structure. The thesis identifies limitations of the current EAM formulation, most notably the absence of range-normalisation in the Stability score and the sampling-based nature of KernelSHAP attributions for composite operators, and outlines probable future works.

Cloud cost optimization is an important challenge for large-scale data platforms, where workloads are often over-provisioned to avoid performance problems. While existing FinOps tools provide visibility into cloud spending, they do not always provide clear and safe recommendations on how cluster resources should be changed.

This thesis presents a data-driven framework for rightsizing Databricks clusters using historical workload telemetry, cluster configuration data, and pricing information. The framework identifies underutilized workloads and evaluates several possible configuration changes, including reducing the number of workers, downsizing worker instances, downsizing driver instances, and combinations of these actions. Statistical Power-Law models and machine-learning models based on XGBoost, LightGBM, and Quantile Regression are used to estimate how CPU and memory utilization may change after rightsizing. Runtime changes are also considered when estimating the financial benefit of each configuration.

The models are evaluated using held-out production transitions together with controlled benchmark experiments. The results show that gradient-boosted models provide the strongest prediction accuracy on production workloads, while the Power-Law model transfers more reliably to controlled workloads that differ from the production data. Quantile regression provides a useful way to reduce false-safe recommendations by making utilization predictions more conservative. The experiments also show that simple worker-related changes are more predictable than compound actions involving driver downsizing.The final safety-constrained policy targets a relatively small set of underutilized, high-cost workloads. Within the underutilized workloads considered for rightsizing, removing high-risk candidate actions still preserves around 80% of the original projected savings. Across the full workload fleet, this corresponds to an estimated monthly cost reduction of approximately 12%. Overall, the work demonstrates how predictive resource modelling can be combined with safety constraints, runtime awareness, and cloud pricing to provide practical and explainable rightsizing recommendations for enterprise FinOps.

Large organizations today have an extensive amount of unstructured data that needs to be processed, such as PDF documents containing free text, tables, and values expressed in different formats or languages. At Ericsson, information from Request for Quotation documents is currently extracted manually, which is time-consuming, costly and prone to error. This thesis investigates how existing AI-based text management tools can be combined to automate this process, and whether Microsoft Fabric can fulfill the company’s needs for extracting and normalizing information from unstructured Request for Quotation documents.  The work focuses on vehicle leasing Request for Quotation PDF files and presents the development of a prototype workflow in Microsoft Fabric. The prototype ingests PDF files from SharePoint, processes them through a Python notebook using Fabric AI functions, extracts selected vehicle and pricing values, normalizes the result into standardized English terms, and exports the structured output into an Excel file. To include a human-in-the-loop approach, a Needs Review column is included for values that require manual validation.  The results show that Microsoft Fabric can be used to orchestrate a document processing workflow and that the prototype performs well on text-based Request for Quotation documents with varying formats and languages. However, there are limitations, especially for image-based documents where the extraction produced unreliable results. The thesis contributes a practical prototype for automated Request for Quotation information extraction in an enterprise context.

Embedded systems executing soft real-time workloads are increasingly expected to maintain predictable timing behaviour under varying computational load. When a task repeatedly exceeds its deadline on a resource constrained local platform, system quality degrades and recovery is not guaranteed. Edge computing, which places additional processing resources close to the device, offers a potential remedy by allowing tasks to be offloaded to a faster remote server. However, the communication cost of offloading means that migration is only beneficial under certain conditions and an uninformed decision can worsen timing rather than improve it.This thesis investigates whether a lightweight runtime mechanism can reliably detect deadline violations and make correct, network-aware offloading decisions for soft real-time tasks.  Two components are designed and implemented, Task Runtime Execution Monitor (TREM), monitoring agent that detects per-job deadline violations at runtime and Network-aware Offloading Decision Engine (NODE), decision engine that estimates whether executing a violating task on the edge server would allow it to meet its deadline given the current network conditions.The mechanism is evaluated through four experiments that vary the presence of the decision engine, the edge speed factor and the network quality. The results show that TREM correctly identifies persistent violation states, that NODE approves offloading only when it is genuinely beneficial and that the mechanism eliminates deadline violations once triggered, a task that misses every one of 37 consecutive deadlines without the mechanism misses only 6 before NODE offloads it and none of the following 35 job instances violate their deadline. The work demonstrates that dynamic, network-aware offloading is a viable strategy for recovering soft real-time tasks from persistent deadline violation states on resource-constrained platforms.

Long, multimodal technical documents are becoming more difficult to search reliably because evidence can be scattered across sections, figures, and tables. When conventional Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) breaks documents into smaller chunks, the document structure is heavily flattened and structural relationships are lost. As a result, a typical Large Language Model (LLM) tends to hallucinate more during answer generation when it comes to processing large, complex documents. This thesis addresses this problem and proposes a Stateful Agentic Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (SAF-RAG) to preserve structural metadata and recover missing evidence through bounded agentic control. A five-condition ablation ladder was evaluated on two representative datasets, LongDocURL and Visdom, under text-only and multimodal ingestion. It progressively introduced structural expansion, reranking, and a planner-navigator-reviewer agentic loop on top of state-of-the-art retrieval techniques. The main goal of this thesis was to improve answer groundedness and faithfulness while striking the right balance between reliability and cost. Each of five conditions was therefore evaluated for retrieval quality, lexical answer overlap, judge-based quality, and processing cost. Structural reranking consistently produced the biggest gains in retrieval quality. Across both datasets and ingestion variants, Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (nDCG) gains ranged between 11.3% and 44.4%, while Token F1 improved by 6.4% to 35.6%. Bounded agentic review then increased the combined LLM-judge score by 11.8% to 18.9% over structural reranking, although multimodal LongDocURL faithfulness declined by 13.6%. The results support structural reranking as the most stable choice for quality and cost and reserve agency review for cases where further judged answers justify mixed faithfulness and added computation.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to summarize business data such as customer reviews. Although these models produce fluent outputs, they can generate statements that are not fully supported by the input data, a problem referred to as hallucination. In business analytics, where summaries may directly influence operational decisions, this creates a significant reliability risk. This thesis investigates how different grounding strategies affect the quality of LLM-generated restaurant review summaries. Grounding constrains generation to rely on explicitly provided external data rather than on knowledge learned during training. The research question is: How do different grounding strategies affect the quality and reliability of LLM-generated review summaries? Four strategies are evaluated in a single-factor controlled experiment: Plain Prompting, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), Aggregated-Statistics Grounding, and Template-Constrained Generation. Each is applied to eleven evaluation scenarios built from real restaurant review data and supplemented with synthetic cases covering text-rating conflicts, ambiguous opinions, and high information density. Generated summaries are assessed using atomic-fact verification, golden-insight coverage scoring, citation-quality metrics, and operational telemetry, with an LLM-as-a-Judge pipeline as the primary evaluator. The results reveal clear trade-offs. RAG is the most computationally efficient but underperforms in information coverage. Aggregated-Statistics Grounding and Template-Constrained Generation achieve the highest mean factual accuracy, but their advantage over the Plain Prompting long-context baseline is not statistically significant. Template-Constrained Generation shows the weakest attribution quality. No single strategy is superior across factual accuracy, coverage, attribution quality, and operational cost, so the findings provide practical guidance for selecting a strategy based on deployment requirements.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate three waterproofing systems (conventional polyethylene (PE) mats, Rockdrain, and XiiT-Foam) to determine the most sustainable maintenance solution for Stockholm’s hard rock metro tunnels. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) were conducted using a functional unit of 1 m² over a 60-year service life, combining field observations with industry data. An assumption-based harmonization approach was applied for XiiT-Foam due to limited cradle-to-grave data. The results showed both alternatives significantly outperformed conventional PE mats (GWP: 114.1 kg CO2-eq/m², LCC: 593.5 EUR/m²). Rockdrain yielded a verified improvement (GWP: 87.18 kg CO2-eq/m², LCC: 265.8 EUR/m²). While XiiT-Foam presented the lowest impacts (GWP: 1.74 kg CO2-eq/m², LCC: 159.5 EUR/m²), sensitivity analyses revealed high dependence on uncertain new-build variables like avoided-excavation credits. It was concluded that Rockdrain represents the most defensible, immediately viable sustainable upgrade for existing tunnels, whereas XiiT-Foam requires independent, maintenance-specific verification.

Aims and Objectives

To elucidate meanings of encountering ambulance staff when living in stigmatized neighbourhoods.

Methodological Design and Justification

The study was conducted using a phenomenological hermeneutical approach based on narrative interviews.

Ethical Issues and Approval

The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Research Methods

A phenomenological hermeneutical analysis was conducted. Interviews were performed with 18 persons living in stigmatized neighbourhoods who had lived experiences of encountering ambulance staff, either as relatives or as patients.

Results

These encounters carry meanings of being dependent on how the staff act in situations marked by fear, involving fear for one's own or a relative's health, or fear of being judged based on ethnicity, culture, or place of residence.

Study Limitations

The participants shared similar demographic backgrounds, and recruitment through gatekeepers may have constrained the range of perspectives. As an interpretive method, the findings represent one possible understanding, and other interpretations may emerge from different backgrounds or theoretical lenses.

Conclusions

Encounters with ambulance staff carried meanings of fear of being judged and of dependence, while ambulance staff's interpersonal actions could either reinforce or alleviate these meanings.

Purpose

To illuminate the meanings of encountering patients in a suicidal process from the perspective of ambulance clinicians.MethodsNarrative interviews were conducted with eighteen ambulance clinicians in Sweden. Data were analyzed using a phenomenological hermeneutical approach inspired by the philosophy of Ricœur.

Results

The main theme, “Navigating a fragile capability,” reveals a profound tension within professional identity. Traditionally anchored in technical agency, this identity is challenged by a movement toward vulnerability and shared humanity. Capability in these encounters is defined not only by medical problem-solving but by the courage to remain present during existential crises. Entering the patient’s narrative imposes an extensive responsibility, where experiences of indecisiveness and powerlessness emerge as expressions of moral sensitivity rather than professional inadequacy.

Conclusions

Encountering suicidal patients reveals professional capability as a fragile construct dependent on reciprocity, requiring a shift from technical agency toward an ethical presence when medical protocols reach their limit. By validating being with as a clinically meaningful component of care, the encounter moves beyond procedural care toward a meaningful ethical aim. Practically, professional standards must expand beyond technical management to integrate relational competence and existential care as core elements of prehospital practice.

Vägvisning för den åldrande befolkningen är ett examensarbete inom informationsdesign med inriktning mot rumslig gestaltning. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur äldre besökares navigation på Mälarsjukhuset påverkas av nybyggnationen samt förekomsten av två huvudsakliga entréer, detta med fokus på navigationsstrategier samt den rumsliga utformningen.

Vidare syftar arbetet till att ta fram ett gestlatningsförslag som visar hur vårdmiljön kan utformas med större anpassning till äldre besökares behov och förutsättningar. Detta förslag kan ses som en alternativ lösning för att göra sjukhusmiljön mer tillgänglig för den äldre delen av befolkningen.

Genom observationer, notationer av rörelsemönster, samtal, think-aloud protocol och en frågelåda har det framkommit att navigationen runt sjukhuset fungerar någorlunda bra. Däremot finns vissa förbättringsmöjligheter som kan förenkla för besökarna.

Ett gestaltningsförslag har tagits fram utifrån teori och empiri. Förslaget syftar till att genom utformning anpassat för navigationstrategier utveckla en plats som vägleder sjukhusets besökare till rätt entré.

This study is a bachelor thesis in the field of Information design with focus onvisualization and text design examines how tone of voice in text and imageryaffects young women’s attitudes toward information about stress. Throughenvironmental analysis, semi-structured interviews, sketching, and a qualitativeA/B test, a fact-based, abstract design is compared with an empathetic, warm,narrative version. The results show that a personal and empathetic tone of voice ispreferred by the target group of young women. It increases receptivity to thematerial and motivation to act regarding stress-related problems. The studyconcludes with a final design.

Keywords: tone of voice, rhetoric, stress, empowerment, health communication.

Police Patrol Officers (PPOs) increasingly encounter individuals experiencing severe mental ill health who may pose a risk to themselves or others. In such situations, PPOs may act either independently or in collaboration with healthcare professionals, navigating a complex interplay between legal duties, safety considerations, and ethical responsibilities. This qualitative study aiming to explore PPOs’ ethical competence in such situations employed focus group interviews (n = 5) with PPOs (n = 32) and applied a deductive qualitative content analysis based on Lechasseur et al.’s framework of ethical competence, comprising ethical sensitivity, ethical knowledge, ethical reflection, ethical decision-making, ethical action, and ethical behaviour. The findings suggest that PPOs demonstrate several dimensions of ethical competence yet describe challenges related to emotional detachment, managing uncertainty, and balancing caregiving and law-enforcement responsibilities. Ethical competence was mainly articulated in relation to professional duty, harm reduction, and efforts to balance safety, autonomy, and support. The findings indicate a need for continued ethics education, structured opportunities for reflection, and strengthened interprofessional collaboration to support ethically grounded practice in encounters involving individuals experiencing severe mental ill health.

The aim of this study is to analyze how digitalisation and system integration in an automated warehouse affect outbound transport planning and capacity utilization. An exploratory case study has been conducted and is based on interviews, observations and literature studies.

The results show that despite a high degree of automation in warehouse processes, transport planning is still largely based on manual working methods, where the use of Excel constitutes a central part of the planning process. Furthermore, experience-based decision-making dominates over data-based decisions.

A further central challenge is the lack of system integration between heterogeneous IT systems and platforms, such as ERP, WMS and SAP, which in some cases leads to limited real-time information, fragmented data and inefficient data transfers. These challenges negatively affect capacity utilisation and can be exploited in over- or underfilling of trucks, which in turn can lead to pallets that are to be delivered to customers being left behind. The study also shows that small deviations between planned and actual volumes can have major consequences and reduce both the reliability and robustness of the planning process.

The study also identifies several improvement opportunities. Increased digitalisation, improved system integration and developed data visualization can contribute to a more data-driven, robust and efficient transport planning process. The results also indicate that improved traceability and decision support can reduce manual efforts and improve resource utilization.

Elevers svårigheter med att skilja mellan area och omkrets kan ofta kopplas till en mekanisk användning av formler. Denna litteraturstudie analyserar vetenskapliga artiklar i syfte att belysa mellanstadieelevers missuppfattningar av begreppen area och omkrets samt lärares behov av ämneskunskaper. Genom en tematisk analys framkommer elevers återkommande förlitande på formler utan tillräcklig begreppslig förståelse, vilket kan leda till förväxling av begreppen eller antaganden om ett konstant förhållande mellan area och omkrets. Resultaten visar vidare förekomsten av liknande missuppfattningar hos lärare. Därutöver framkommer betydelsen av en balans mellan procedurkunskap och laborativa arbetssätt för utvecklingen av elevernas begreppsliga förståelse. Slutsatsen visar att undervisningen bör präglas av ett begreppsinriktat arbetssätt snarare än ett rent mekaniskt lärande, för att motverka att elevernas svårigheter befästs.

Detta examensarbete inom informationsdesign, med inriktning rumslig gestaltning, utforskar hur visuella och rumsliga element såsom färg, form, bild och storytelling kan användas för att förbättra wayfinding i biblioteksmiljöer. Fokus ligger på att underlätta orienteringen för barn och unga från huvudentrén till barn- och ungdomsavdelningen i Västerås stadsbibliotek. Arbetet bygger på ett samarbete med biblioteket och omfattar platsanalyser, intervjuer, fokusgrupper och prototyptester.

Resultatet är ett gestaltningsförslag baserat på ett campingtema, där designelement som färgkodning, pop-out-effekter och berättande används för att skapa en mer inkluderande, inspirerande och funktionell miljö. Prototyper spelade en viktig roll i processen genom att konkretisera idéer och möjliggöra användartestning i tidiga faser. Arbetet visar hur tydlig visuell kommunikation och tematisering kan förstärka rummets identitet och öka barns och ungas engagemang och återbesök.Studien avslutas med reflektioner kring vidare forskning, bland annat kring långtidseffekter av tematiserad design i offentliga rum.

This study evaluated the extent to which hazardous or contaminating chemical substances in building materials recovered from renovation and demolition activities limit their reuse and recycling potential within a circular economy framework. Four material categories were examined: concrete, timber, steel and PVC based products, selected based on their significant presence in construction related waste streams and their established pathway for circular use. These material categories were examined on their chemical acceptability and technical suitability. A quantitative research methodology was adopted using secondary data from peer-reviewed scientific studies that reported measured contaminant concentration and material properties. The concentration reported for recovered concrete, timber and steel-related electric arc furnace dust were compared with the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency guideline values for sensitive land use and less sensitive land use, while restricted phthalates in PVC based products were compared with the applicable EU REACH Annex XVII limit. The result showed that contamination patterns differed considerably between material categories. Heavy metal concentrations in recovered concrete were generally below the comparative guideline values, whereas some concrete fractions, particularly those exposed to tar or bituminous materials, contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) above both guideline levels. Recovered timber showed substantial variation between average and maximum contaminant concentration with preservative treated and surface treated wood contributing to elevated levels of several hazardous substances. Steel maintained strong circular potential when recovered intact, but remelting through electric arc furnace (EAF) generates EAF dust containing heavy metals at concentrations exceeding both KM and MKM thresholds. Some recovered PVC products contained restricted legacy phthalates above the REACH limit. The material properties analysis further showed that chemical contamination did not always cause direct deterioration of technical performance, as some treated or chemically modified materials retained acceptable or improved selected properties. The study concluded that chemical contamination represented a conditional rather than an absolute barrier to circular use. Safe circularity required contamination assessment, knowledge of material history, effective sorting, targeted chemical testing and consideration of both chemical acceptability and technical performance when selecting reuse, recycling, treatment or disposal pathways.

This thesis investigates the potential of phytofiltration as a nature-based solution for removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from Swedish municipal wastewater. A systematic literature review was combined with a capacity-limited dynamic mass balance model developed in MATLAB to evaluate PFAS removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands. The model incorporated a finite plant uptake capacity (Qmax) derived from the adsorption capacity concept used in phytoremediation studies, coupled with a first-order uptake rate within a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) framework. Simulations were conducted over a 24-week growing season for three emergent aquatic plant species: Carex rostrata, Cyperus alternifolius, and Eriophorum angustifolium. The results demonstrate that long-chain PFAS are removed more effectively than short-chain PFAS, with removal efficiencies ranging from 61% to 95% for long-chain compounds and 12% to 27% for short-chain compounds. Cyperus alternifolius exhibited the highest long-chain PFAS removal (95%), while Carex rostrata showed highest short-chain PFAS removal (27%). Eriophorum angustifolium exhibited the lowest overall performance. The cumulative uptake analysis revealed that plant uptake remained below the estimated Qmax for Carex rostrata and Eriophorum angustifolium throughout the modelled growing season. A sensitivity analysis showed variation in Qmax had a comparatively limited influence on predicted removal, while the model was more sensitive to variation in the plant uptake rate constant kU. The findings suggest that phytofiltration can contribute to PFAS removal in municipal wastewater, particularly for long-chain compounds. However, it is unlikely to function effectively as a standalone treatment method due to low removal efficiencies for short-chain PFAS. Phytofiltration may be more suitable as a complementary technology within hybrid treatment systems. Future research should focus on field validation of uptake rate constants in Swedish CWs, investigation of additional plant species, and integration with other treatment technologies.  

Model transformation is a core mechanism in Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), but its use requires expertise in metamodels, transformation languages, execution engines, runtime configuration, and diagnostics. Although LLMs can generate and revise transformation artifacts, direct prompt-to-output generation does not by itself provide an executable MDE workflow grounded in metamodel conformance and transformation rules execution.

This paper proposes agentic model transformation: a service-mediated workflow in which an LLM agent generates candidate transformation specifications and coordinates MDE services for metamodel access, example retrieval, checking, execution, diagnostics, and repair. Model Context Protocol is used to expose these services to the agent. When execution succeeds, target artifacts are produced through the configured transformation infrastructure, serialized by the target modeling environment, and loadable against the registered target metamodel.

Early results from adopting the proposed framework for the UML-to-Java and SysMLv2-to-AAS cases show that constructing and repairing executable transformations is possible. The results also show that executable success and metamodel conformance are only first checks; structural completeness, mapping coverage, and semantic adequacy require additional MDE services. The framework, therefore, shifts LLM support for model transformation from one-off artifact generation towards service-supported transformation development, where specifications, diagnostics, and execution traces can be inspected, reused, and extended.

Background: Active involvement of residents, family members and staff in proactive end-of-life conversations remains uncommon in residential care facilities for older people, although these are common settings for the end-of-life. This study derives from a Participatory Action Research project with an intervention aimed at developing Death Literacy among residential care staff, to promote implementation of proactive end-of-life conversations. Objectives: This article has a two-fold aim: (1) to investigate effects and forms of impact derived from this project intending to improve Death Literacy, and (2) to discuss challenges in this investigation and contribute to critical debate and further inform the use and development of the Death Literacy concept and related index (DLI). Methods: We combined quantitative analysis of pre-post intervention DLI survey data from staff and qualitative framework analysis of official documents along with transcribed interviews and workshop data from various staff groups. The framework was based on a matrix with Death Literacy features on one axis and forms of impact on the other. Results: The DLI showed no positive change over time. Effect evaluation was challenged by high baseline mean scores and ceiling effects on the DLI, and issues associated with the use of a participatory research approach, e.g. baseline differences between groups related to recruitment strategies. However, qualitative findings indicated all three forms of impact described in Kleijberg et al.’s model: impact on individual and group development, action-oriented impact, and strategy-oriented impact. These were seen to be related to all Death Literacy features, most notably experiential learning and social action. Conclusion: Features of Death Literacy were relevant in understanding impact, although the usefulness of the DLI to measure change over time was limited in this study. A matrix framework provided nuanced insight beyond either model alone. Congruence of different methodological assumptions should be carefully considered when designing investigations of effect and impact of complex interventions with limited researcher control.

Background Timely and equitable access to cancer treatment are important markers of the quality and accessibility of cancer care, yet socially disadvantaged people experience a range of barriers to receiving cancer treatment, significantly impacting cancer outcomes, including survival and quality of life. However, interventions designed to improve treatment access for these populations have not been comprehensively mapped. This scoping review aimed to identify and summarize interventions, services, and models of care intended to improve access to cancer treatment among socially disadvantaged groups. Methods We conducted a scoping review to identify and summarize interventions designed to improve access to cancer treatment for people experiencing varying forms of social disadvantage. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched for relevant studies published before 2025. Data on study characteristics, intervention types, targeted barriers, and outcomes related to treatment access were extracted and synthesized descriptively. A formal risk-of-bias assessment was not conducted, consistent with scoping review methodology. Findings A total of 57 studies met the inclusion criteria, with nearly half published since 2020. Most studies were conducted in the United States (56) and used observational designs. Interventions addressed various treatment modalities, most commonly surgical treatment (37%), followed by radiotherapy and systemic therapy. Policy-focused interventions, particularly Medicaid expansion, were most frequently evaluated, followed by patient navigation programs. Education-based interventions were relatively few (7%). Institutional and system-level interventions showed more consistent improvements in treatment access. The barriers most commonly targeted included insurance coverage, financial constraints, and transportation. Conclusions Most interventions focused on financial or insurance-related disadvantage, highlighting gaps in evidence-informed strategies addressing other forms of social disadvantage. The predominance of U.S.-based studies also indicates a need for evidence on effective interventions in other health system contexts.

Nonlinear and internal coupling effects in oscillating devices often require advanced and complex modeling that goes beyond overly-simplistic linear models suitable for early design stage. As ocean testing is comparatively expensive and risky, wave energy developers rely heavily on wave tank experiments to test device dynamics, performance and survivability. Not all physical processes — such as viscous effects or power take-off systems — scale well. Careful design of physical components remains crucial to ensure that results from small-scale tests reliably represent real ocean behavior, making scaled experiments both technically challenging and essential for wave energy development. This study presents the design, validation, and dynamic investigation of a 1:10-scale, direct-driven point absorber wave energy converter moving in six degrees of freedom under regular and irregular sea states. A passive linear eddy-current brake is implemented as the power take-off system to emulate a linear damper. The results reveal that multi-degree of freedom interactions significantly alter system behavior, producing coupled peak responses that differ from the natural period. Sway instabilities driven by parametric resonance highlight the limitations of monochromatic testing. In irregular sea states, their impact on power capture primarily affects lower-energy period sea states that are not excited in the coupled peak response. The capture width ratios reaches its maximum of 26% under intermediate damping in the shortest energy period, while the optimal damping ranges between 123 and 314 N s m−1 for all considered sea states. A reduced 3-degree of freedom numerical model is validated and shown to perform well in the most linear sea states, predicting capture width ratios within 0.84–1.12 of the experimental values despite not accounting for sway instabilities. © 2026

Community-led urban interventions are shaped by uncertainties that affect their initiation, development, operation, and short- and long-term outcomes. Existing research offers insights into participatory practices but lacks a comprehensive framework for understanding how community initiatives evolve under uncertain conditions. In this paper, we develop a realist, process-oriented framework that integrates the logic model, uncertainty analysis, and context–mechanism–outcome configurations to examine the lifecycle of urban interventions and the effects of community-based mechanisms on these processes. The framework distinguishes six types of uncertainty: ambiguity, variability, event, systemic, ecological, and epistemic. It is then applied to seven community-led urban interventions across diverse contexts. The findings suggest that specific uncertainties can be associated with particular mechanisms: ambiguity with sense-making and co-design; variability with coordination, stewardship, and adaptive learning; and systemic uncertainty with sense-making. Additionally, similar mechanisms can produce different outcomes when operating in different contexts. The main output of the paper is a realist evaluation framework for understanding how community-led urban interventions respond to different types of uncertainty and support the social, environmental, governance, and learning dimensions of sustainability while helping practitioners and policymakers mobilize appropriate mechanisms under specific conditions of uncertainty. © 2026 by the authors.

This study explores how differentiated instruction (DI) is planned, implemented and evaluated in a Swedish Year 1 classroom that includes two gifted students. Applying a focused ethnographic mixed-methods design, it combines qualitative data with structured observations using the Classroom Observation Scales-Revised (COS-R). Thematic analysis was structured around three themes: planning for DI involving anticipation and collaboration (e.g. adjusting to students' readiness), implementing DI through a responsive and flexible practices (e.g. real-time adaptations), and evaluating DI through ongoing reflection (e.g. formative assessment in classroom interactions). This supported both academic growth and social inclusion. COS-R scores indicated strengths in curriculum planning (M = 2.50) and creative thinking (M = 2.50), and areas for improvement in critical thinking (M = 1.50) and research strategies (M = 1.13). The study shows how DI can be integrated into everyday classroom practice in ways that respond to student diversity. It contributes practice-relevant insights into how DI is understood, enacted and experienced in inclusive classrooms, and highlights professional judgement, responsiveness and teacher self-reflection as central to differentiated and inclusive teaching.

Climate change and population growth are driving the increasing demand for alternative water sources in agriculture. Nutrient-rich treated municipal wastewater emerges as a potential alternative for agriculture production. Therefore, a pot experiment using zeolite as the growing substrate to simulate hydroponic conditions was conducted to assess the impacts of fully treated municipal wastewater and partially treated wastewater that undergone only mechanical treatment step on basil (Ocimum basilicum cv. Edwina) production, aiming to explore the potential of nutrient recovery from these wastewater sources. Tap water and optimal liquid fertilizer were utilized as negative and positive controls, respectively. Results showed that primarily treated wastewater significantly enhanced basil production compared to the tap water, although the large relative increase was partly attributable to the extremely low biomass under tap-water irrigation. However, with consistently greater production and nutrient concentrations produced by the positive control, nutrient supplementation was still required in the wastewater treatments to achieve greater production and nutrient levels comparable to those with complete mineral nutrient solution. Analysis of selected heavy metals indicated no evidence of excessive accumulation in basil shoots under the conditions of this study, although comprehensive food safety assessment would require evaluation of additional contaminants, including microbiological hazards and emerging pollutants. The findings provide insights into the potential of treated municipal wastewater reuse for nutrient recovery in controlled agricultural systems.

Sammanfattning 

Vi har intervjuat deltagare och professionella om deras upplevelser sex till tio månader efter att deltagares anställning genom Jobbtorg avslutats. Vi ville ta reda på om, och hur, insatserna inom ramen för Jobbtorg i Nyköpings kommun hade förbättrat deltagarnas möjligheter att få jobb, utbildning eller en meningsfull sysselsättning. Vi fokuserade i huvudsak på vilka insatser deltagarna fick från Jobbtorg och hur dessa insatser påverkade deras möjligheter, samt de förbättringsförslag för att öka deltagarnas möjligheter, som kom fram i intervjuerna.

Den grundläggande metodologiska ansatsen har varit kvalitativ för att undersöka ett antal deltagares och professionellas upplevelser och erfarenheter kring insatser och vad insatserna inneburit i deltagarnas liv, vilket ger en möjlighet att genomföra långsiktig uppföljning. Sammanlagt har vi intervjuat 14 personer; deltagare, vägledare och handledare.

Resultatet visar både likheter och skillnader i respektive grupp av deltagare, vägledare och handledare och mellan grupperna. Intervjupersoners upplevelser av insatsernas form och innehåll har givit meningsfulla lärdomar och erfarenheter för vidare förbättrings-, förändrings- och utvecklingsarbeten för de involverade aktörerna.

Vi tematiserade och summerade de förbättringsförslag som har kommit fram i intervjuerna under olika sju teman. I det avslutande avsnittet om diskussion och förbättringsförslag för involverade aktörer kan du läsa mer om följande sju övergripande förbättringsförslag kopplat till intervjupersonernas konkreta upplevelser:

• Att kunna matcha bättre utifrån deltagares och praktikplatsers behov för vidare hållbara anställningar
• Att ge mer plats för mjuka värden hos deltagare för att öppna för nya chanser för deltagare
• Att ha längre period för praktikledighet av privata skäl eller liknande
• Att koppla in mer privata företag för att kunna ha tillgång till fler praktikplatser än nuvarande
• Att kartlägga deltagares förutsättningar bättre för att praktiken fungerar bättre
• Att vidga målgruppen deltagare för att fler med svårigheter ska kunna få jobb
• Att ha tydligare roller mellan involverade aktörer för ett bättre samarbete mellan dem

Det systematiska kvalitetsarbetet har fått en allt mer central roll i fritidshemmets verksamhet genom ökade krav på dokumentation, uppföljning och utveckling. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur lärare i fritidshem förstås, organiserar och använder det systematiska kvalitetsarbetet samt hur det påverkar fritidshemmets pedagogiska uppdrag.

Studien bygger på en kvalitativ ansats där fem legitimerade lärare i fritidshem intervjuades. Materialet analyserades genom tematisk analys med utgångspunkt i ett sociokulturellt perspektiv.

Resultatet visar att kvalitetsarbetet främst används för planering, dokumentation och verksamhetsutveckling. Samtidigt framträder planeringstid, rektors ledarskap och organisatoriska förutsättningar som avgörande faktorer för arbetets kvalitet. Kvalitet förstås av deltagarna som ett relationellt begrepp där trygghet, delaktighet, meningsfullhet och pedagogisk verksamhet står i centrum. Resultatet visar även att samverkan mellan fritidshem och skola är betydelsefull men ofta begränsas av brist på gemensam tid och tydliga strukturer.

Studien visar att systematiskt kvalitetsarbete kan fungera som ett verktyg för pedagogisk utveckling, förutsatt att verksamheten ges förutsättningar i form av tid, ledarskap och professionell delaktighet. Studien bidrar därmed med ökad kunskap om de villkor som påverkar kvalitetsarbetet i fritidshemmet.

Student teachers learn in many ways, one of which can be through analysing teaching. For this, analytical frameworks that are accessible yet theoretically grounded are useful. The increasingly accepted characterisation of mathematics as a discourse has been developed into a fully-fledged theory—commognition—but the theory is hard for novices to access without additional operationalisation. In this paper, I explore theoretically whether a framework developed both to inform and analyse practice, Mathematics Discourse in Instruction (MDI), is compatible with commognition. Since MDI was developed in a particular context, I also consider the extent to which the framework is broadly applicable to different types of instructional organisation. I examine the application of MDI to two qualitatively different Swedish mathematics high school lessons. The results indicate high compatibility of MDI with commognition, making MDI a candidate for the analysis of mathematics lessons, which can be made available to student teachers. Application of the framework to the Swedish mathematics lessons suggested some limitations to the MDI framework’s wider applicability, wherefore some adjustments are suggested.