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Product Line Adoption in Industry: An Experience Report from the Railway Domain
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Västerås, Sweden.
Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1863-3987
Bombardier Transportation AB, Sweden.
Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2416-4205
Show others and affiliations
2020 (English)In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 2020, Vol. F164267-A, p. 130-141Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The software system controlling a train is typically deployed on various hardware architectures and is required to process various signals across those deployments. Increases of such customization scenarios, as well as the needed adherence of the software to various safety standards in different application domains, has led to the adoption of product line engineering within the railway domain. This paper explores the current state-of-practice of software product line development within a team developing industrial embedded software for a train propulsion control system. Evidence is collected by means of a focus group session with several engineers and through inspection of archival data. We report several benefits and challenges experienced during product line adoption and deployment. Furthermore, we identify and discuss research opportunities, focusing in particular on the areas of product line evolution and test automation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2020. Vol. F164267-A, p. 130-141
Keywords [en]
product-line adoption, overloaded assets, challenges and opportunities
National Category
Engineering and Technology Computer Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-49978DOI: 10.1145/3382025.3414953Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85097810837OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mdh-49978DiVA, id: diva2:1471779
Conference
24th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference SPLC 2020, 19 Oct 2020, Montreal, Canada
Projects
ARRAY - Automation Region Research AcademyXIVT - eXcellence in Variant TestingAvailable from: 2020-09-29 Created: 2020-09-29 Last updated: 2025-10-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Requirements-Level Reuse Recommendation and Prioritization of Product Line Assets
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Requirements-Level Reuse Recommendation and Prioritization of Product Line Assets
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Software systems often target a variety of different market segments. Targeting varying customer requirements requires a product-focused development process. Software Product Line (SPL) engineering is one possible approach based on reuse rationale to aid quick delivery of quality product variants at scale. SPLs reuse common features across derived products while still providing varying configuration options. The common features, in most cases, are realized by reusable assets. In practice, the assets are reused in a clone-and-own manner to reduce the upfront cost of systematic reuse. Besides, the assets are implemented in increments, and requirements prioritization also has to be done. In this context, the manual reuse analysis and prioritization process become impractical when the number of derived products grows. Besides, the manual reuse analysis process is time-consuming and heavily dependent on the experience of engineers.

In this licentiate thesis, we study requirements-level reuse recommendation and prioritization for SPL assets in industrial settings. We first identify challenges and opportunities in SPLs where reuse is done in a clone-and-own manner.  We then focus on one of the identified challenges: requirements-based SPL assets reuse and provide automated support for identifying reuse opportunities for SPL assets based on requirements. Finally, we provide automated support for requirements prioritization in the presence of dependencies resulting from reuse.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Västerås: Mälardalen University, 2021
Series
Mälardalen University Press Licentiate Theses, ISSN 1651-9256 ; 306
National Category
Embedded Systems
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-53667 (URN)978-91-7485-504-3 (ISBN)
Presentation
2021-05-05, Lambda + Teams, Mälardalens högskola, Västerås, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, XIVTKnowledge Foundation, ARRAY
Available from: 2021-04-07 Created: 2021-03-19 Last updated: 2025-10-10Bibliographically approved
2. Enhancing Industrial Requirements Processing and Reuse
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enhancing Industrial Requirements Processing and Reuse
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

We live in a world that depends on software. From the moment we log in to a banking system or when we take the bus to work, we are surrounded by software-intensive systems. These systems are often not built from scratch, but as further iterations of existing systems, adapted for different customers and market segments.

The development of such complex software and variant-intensive systems is centered around customer needs that are usually described in long documents, full of detail, and written in natural language. Companies must read through, interpret, and extract the relevant requirements, decide which teams should develop and test them, and simultaneously identify what can be reused from earlier projects. This process is often manual, carries a risk of mistakes, and demands great experience and precision.

This thesis explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI), and in particular natural language processing (NLP), can help make the process both faster and more reliable. The work is based on six scientific articles, which make four contributions, as follows. First, we study how requirements management and reuse are handled today to identify opportunities for enhancement. Next, we focus on automating the identification and allocation of requirements, so that correct requirements are identified and directed to the right teams from the start. We also develop methods for discovering which parts of previous projects can be reused, to avoid redundant development efforts. Finally, we create a pedagogical resource that enables teachers, students, and professionals to apply the technical solutions in practice.

Through these contributions, the thesis demonstrates how AI can become a powerful support in processing requirements and supporting reuse in complex software development.

Abstract [sv]

Vi lever i en värld som är beroende av programvara. Från det att vi loggar in på banken eller att vi tar bussen till jobbet är vi omgivna av programvaruintensiva system. Ofta byggs dessa system inte från grunden, utan som vidareutvecklingar av redan befintliga lösningar, anpassade för olika kunder och marknader.

Kundernas behov beskrivs vanligen i långa dokument, fulla av detaljer och skrivna på vanligt språk. Företagen måste läsa igenom, tolka och plocka ut de relevanta kraven, bestämma vilka team som ska utveckla och testa dem, och samtidigt se vad som kan återanvändas från tidigare projekt. Det sparar tid och pengar, men är också ett pussel som kräver stor erfarenhet och noggrannhet. I praktiken tar det ofta lång tid, innebär risk för misstag och är beroende av ett fåtal experter.

Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur artificiell intelligens (AI), och i synnerhet naturlig språkbehandling (NLP), kan hjälpa till att göra processen både snabbare och mer tillförlitlig.

Arbetet bygger på sex vetenskapliga artiklar och bidrar inom fyra områden: Först kartlägger vi hur arbetet med kravhantering och återanvändning går till idag, och var det finns störst potential till förbättring. Därefter fokuserar vi på att automatisera själva identifieringen och fördelningen av krav, så att de hamnar hos rätt team från början. Vi utvecklar också metoder för att upptäcka vilka delar av tidigare projekt som kan återanvändas, för att undvika att uppfinna hjulet på nytt. Slutligen skapar vi en pedagogisk resurs som gör det möjligt för lärare, studenter och yrkesverksamma att använda de tekniska lösningarna i praktiken.

Med hjälp av dessa insatser visar avhandlingen hur AI kan bli ett kraftfullt stöd i arbetet med att förstå, organisera och återanvända den kunskap som ryms i komplex programvaruutveckling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Västerås: Mälardalen University, 2025. p. 290
Series
Mälardalen University Press Dissertations, ISSN 1651-4238 ; 438
National Category
Software Engineering
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-72983 (URN)978-91-7485-715-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-27, Alfa, Mälardalens universitet, Västerås, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
VinnovaKnowledge FoundationEuropean Commission
Available from: 2025-08-20 Created: 2025-08-19 Last updated: 2025-10-10Bibliographically approved

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Abbas, MuhammadJongeling, RobbertEnoiu, Eduard PaulSaadatmand, MehrdadSundmark, Daniel

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