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Agrivoltaic systems emerge as a promising solution to the ongoing conflict between allocating agricultural land for food production and establishing solar parks. This field experiment, conducted during the spring and summer seasons of 2023, aims to showcase barley production in a vertical agrivoltaic system compared to open-field reference conditions at Kärrbo Prästgård, near Västerås, Sweden. The dataset presented in this article encompasses both barley kernel and straw yields, kernel crude protein levels, starch content in kernels and thousand kernel weight. All collected data underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey pairwise comparison when possible, using dedicated software RStudio 4.3.2. This dataset article illustrates the effects of the vertical agrivoltaic design system on barley productivity. Interested researchers can benefit from this data to better comprehend barley yield under this specific agrivoltaic design and conduct further analyses and comparisons with yields from different locations or design configurations. The experimental data holds the potential to foster collaborations and advance research in agrivoltaic systems, providing a valuable resource for anyone interested in the subject. It was observed that the mean barley yield in all the different areas of the vertical agrivoltaic system were higher than the one in the control area. Additionally, weather and solar irradiance data collected during the growing season are provided in the repository for further usage.