https://www.mdu.se/

Lithium plating, triggered by low-temperature and high-rate charging, leads to capacity degradation and poses significant safety risks in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To ensure safe and efficient LIB operation, this study improves the impedance-based lithium plating detection method and proposes a non-destructive online detection method for lithium plating based on the lithium stripping mechanism. By monitoring changes in battery relaxation impedance during brief charging pauses after every 1 % increment in the state of charge (SOC), the onset SOC for lithium plating is accurately identified. The method is theoretically validated using an electrochemical-thermal coupling model and experimentally verified under both low and room temperatures, as well as under fast and slow charging conditions, through voltage relaxation profiles and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Furthermore, a stepwise intermittent charging (SIC) strategy is developed, leveraging the progressively decreasing current and current pause to mitigate lithium plating. The SIC strategy reduces capacity degradation by 85.7 % after 80 cycles compared to constant current charging at the same charging speed. This research offers practical insights for enhancing fast and safe charging technologies in LIBs, providing a foundation for real-world applications.