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A checklist of quality concerns for architecting ML-intensive systems
Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Embedded Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8027-0611
Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
Gran Sasso Sci Inst, Laquila, Italy.
2026 (English)In: Journal of Systems and Software, ISSN 0164-1212, E-ISSN 1873-1228, Vol. 231, article id 112612Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Machine learning components are being deployed across nearly every business sector and their importance is continually growing. However, the engineering practices for building these systems remain poorly understood compared to those for conventional software systems. Objective: This work provides practical guidance to support architects in designing and implementing machine learning-intensive systems, and identifies areas where there are gaps in understanding and achievement. Method: Building on our prior research, we developed a checklist of quality concerns for architects of machine learning-intensive systems. This checklist was iteratively refined through expert interviews and subsequently validated in a workshop with experienced architects. Results: The main result of this work is a comprehensive list of 40 checks, organized into two main categories and 16 subcategories. Also, we present the results of a workshop where the importance and degree of achievement of each check was assessed by 25 practicing architects of ML-intensive systems. Conclusion: The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the unique challenges of MLintensive systems and offer initial guidance to practitioners, and researchers on areas where future work should be directed. The findings of this study offer valuable support to architects in addressing the unique challenges of ML-intensive systems and provide guidance to practitioners and researchers in terms of where future work should be focused.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2026. Vol. 231, article id 112612
Keywords [en]
Software architecture, Machine learning, Quality attribute requirements
National Category
Software Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-73312DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2025.112612ISI: 001566798200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105014928065OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mdh-73312DiVA, id: diva2:1998536
Available from: 2025-09-17 Created: 2025-09-17 Last updated: 2025-10-10Bibliographically approved

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Bucaioni, Alessio

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